Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

Prince of Benevento, Bishop of Autun, French minister and ambassador, born in Paris, 13 February, 1754, died there, May, 1838. The eldest of an ancient French family, he was destined for Holy orders, owing to an accident which had made him lame. After having completed his studies at the Collège d'Harcourt, he went to St-Sulpice and, against his inclination, became an abbé. He then read the "most revolutionary books", and at length, giving up his priestly life, plunged into the licentiousness of the period. Having, nevertheless, been ordained priest (1779) and appointed general agent of the clergy (1780) he rapidly acquired a reputation as a man of ability. The Assembly of the Clergy of France of 1782 appointed him their promoter, and in 1785 he became secretary. Owing to his notorious immorality he obtained an episcopal see only through a promise wrung from the dying king by his father, Comte Daniel de Talleyrand. Consecrated on 16 January, 1789, and promoted to the Bishopric of Autun, he appeared in his diocese only to be elected a member of the "Etats Généraux". He soon became one of the most important personages in Europe, and utilized every opportunity to advance his private interests.

Opposed in his heart to a revolution which he accused of having "dismembered France", he first advised Louis XVI to dissolve the Assembly, but believing the democratic movement irresistible he joined it. As a member of' the Constitutional Committee, he took part in the "Declaration of the Rights of Man". He extolled the spoliation of the clergy and took the oath to the Civil Constitution. His chapter, however, having described him as deserving "infamy in this world and damnation in the next", he resigned his see. But he had consecrated several constitutional bishops, given Gobel the Bishopric of Paris, and was excommunicated by pontifical Brief of 13 April, 1791. In 1792 he was sent to London on an unofficial diplomatic mission and endeavoured to organize a Franco-English alliance. He did not, however, obtain more than a promise of neutrality. Finally banished by the Convention, he escaped to the United States. He returned to Paris in March, 1796, and, owing to the influence of Barras, was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. He immediately welcomed Bonaparte as the great auxiliary "who would make everything smooth". With Bonaparte and Sieyès he prepared the coup d'état of

Brumaire, after which he assisted the First Consul in the drafting of the Concordat. The pope meanwhile had released him from the ban of excommunication and restored him to secular life and the lay communion. Napoleon then compelled him (1803) to marry by civil law his mistress, Madame Grand, an English divorcée, who had not lived with her former husband. As the principal agent in the treaties concluded by Napoleon, he obtained for his services a fortune of some sixty million francs. He was made grand chamberlain, vice-elector of the Empire, and Sovereign Prince of Benevento. However, he advised against the Franco-Russian Alliance and resigned the ministry in August, 1807. His opposition to the Spanish War in 1809 was the cause of his complete disgrace, and he awaited at Valençay at his hotel in the Rue St. Florentin the fall of Napoleon.

In 1814 the Emperor of Russia, his guest, "committed himself entirely into his hands". Once more leader of the provisional Government, he made the Senate establish a constitution to give power to Louis XVIII. On his appointment as Minister of Foreign Affairs he preserved to France its frontiers of 1792, and at the Congress of Vienna he broke the union of the great powers by secretly concluding a treaty with Austria and England. Again appointed minister of Louis XVIII (1815) he preserved his country from dismemberment, but left the presidency of the Council after the election of 22 August, 1815. As grand chamberlain and peer of France, he henceforward contented himself with watching and sententiously criticizing events. In 1830 Louis Philippe, whose accession he had favoured, appointed him to the embassy of London, where the representatives of all the countries "bent before him". After having established the entente cordiale with England, he resigned office in November, 1834. In his magnificent "solitude" of Valençay he wrote his "Mémoires", in which he asserts he "never had betrayed a government which had not betrayed itself first", nor ever put his "own interests in the balance with those of France". Four hours before his death he signed, in the presence of Abbé Dupanloup, a solemn declaration in which he openly disavowed "the great errors which . . . had troubled and afflicted the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Church, and in which he himself had had the misfortune to fall".

PALLAIN, Correspondance diplomatique de Talleyrand. La Mission de Talleyrand à Londres en 1792. Les lettres d'Amérique à lord Lansdowne (Paris, 1887); IDEM,Correspondance diplomatique de Talleyrand. Le ministère de Talleyrand sous le Directoire (Paris, 1891-1892); De BROGLIE, Mémoires du prince de Talleyrand (Paris, 1892); FLAMMERMONT, De l'authenticité des Mémoires de Talleyrand (Paris, 1892); SOREL, Talleyrand et ses Mémoires (Paris, 1894); BERTRAND, M. de Bacourt et les Mémoires de Talleyrand (Paris, 1893); BULWER, Historical Characters, Talleyrand (London, 1867), tr. Perrot (Paris, 1868); SAINTE-BEUVE, Monsieur de Talleyrand (Paris, 1870); PICHOT, Souvenirs intimes sur Talleyrand (Paris, 1870); MARCAD=C9, Talleyrand prêtre et évêque (Paris, 1883); PINGAUD, Le Congrès de Vienne et la politique de Talleyrand in Revue Historique, LXX; BLENNERHASSETT,Talleyrand (Berlin, 1894); De NOUVION, Talleyrand prince de Bénévent in Revue Historique, LXXIII (Nogent-le-Rotrou, 190O). De LACOMBE, Talleyrand, évêque d'Autun (Paris, 1903); ROSENTHAL, Fürst Talleyrand u. die auswärtige Politik Napoleons I (Leipzig, 1905); MacCABE, Talleyrand, a biographical study (London, 1906); LEROY, Talleyrand économiste et financier (Paris, 1907); De BARANTE, La conversion et la mort de M. de Talleyrand, récit de l'un des cinq témoins, le Baron de Barante, publié par son petit-fils le Baron de Nervo (Paris, 19lO); De LACOMBE, La vie privée de Talleyrand (Paris, 19lO).

GUSTAVE GAUTHEROT