THE CATHOLIC
ENCYCLOPEDIA

AN INTERNATIONAL WORK OF REFERENCE
ON THE CONSTITUTION, DOCTRINE,
DISCIPLINE, AND HISTORY OF THE
CATHOLIC CHURCH

EDITED BY
CHARLES G. HERBERMANN, Ph.D., LL.D.
EDWARD A. PACE, Ph.D., D.D. CONDE B. FALLEN, Ph.D., LL.D.
THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D. JOHN J. WYNNE, S.J.
ASSISTED BY NUMEROUS COLLABORATORS

SIXTEEN VOLUMES

SPECIAL EDITION

UNDER THE AUSPICES OF

THE KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS CATHOLIC TRUTH COMMITTEE

New York

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PRESS, INC.

Copyright, 1907

By Robert Appleton Company

Copyright, 1913

By THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PRESS, INC.

The articles in this work have been written specially for
The Catholic Encyclopedia and are protected by copyright.